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Charity Organization Society
The Charity Organization Societies were founded in England in 1869 following the 'Goschen Minute' (Poor Law Board; 22nd Annual Report (1869–70), Appendix A No.4. Relief to the Poor in the Metropolis. PP XXXI, 1871) that sought to severely restrict outdoor relief distributed by the Poor Law Guardians. In the early 1870s a handful of local societies were formed with the intention of restricting the distribution of outdoor relief to the elderly, ill or 'non-able bodied' and to force them to accept the workhouse test.
Also called the Associated Charities was a private charity that existed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a clearing house for information on the poor.〔(1895). "Charity's Clearing House." ''The Washington Post''. December 15.〕 The society was mainly concerned with distinction between the deserving poor and undeserving poor.〔(1900) "Commissioners of the District of Columbia." Washington Government Printing Office.〕 The society believed that giving out charity without investigating the problems behind poverty created a class of citizens that would always be dependent on alms giving.〔(1887). "Lots of Chronic Paupers." ''The Washington Post''. October 21.〕
The society originated in Elberfeld, Germany and spread to Buffalo, New York around 1877.〔(1880). "(National Conference on Social Welfare )." 1880.〕 The conviction that relief promoted dependency was the basis for forming the Societies. Instead of offering direct relief, the societies addressed the cycle of poverty. Neighborhood charity visitors taught the values of hard work and thrift to individuals and families. The COS set up centralized records and administrative services and emphasized objective investigations and professional training. There was a strong scientific emphasis as the charity visitors organized their activities and learned principles of practice and techniques of intervention from one another. The result led to the origin of social casework. Gradually, over the ensuing years, volunteer visitors began to be supplanted by paid staff.
==Operations==
Charity Organization Societies were made up of charitable groups that used scientific philanthropy to help poor, distressed or deviant persons. The Societies considered themselves more than just alms givers. Their ultimate goal was to restore as much self-sufficiency and responsibility as an individual could manage. Through their activities, the Societies tended to be aware of the range of social services available in their communities. They thus became the primary source of information and referral for all services. Through these referrals, a Society often became the central agency in the social services of its community. For instance, the Charity Organization Society of Denver, Colorado, the forerunner of the modern United Way of America, coordinated the charitable activities of local Jewish, Congregational and Catholic groups. Its work under the leadership of Frances Wisebart Jacobs ranged from work with tuberculosis patients〔(1903) Albert Shaw, ''The American Review of Reviews''. Radcliffe Library, 1903: 701.〕 to the care and education of young children〔(1903) Benjamin Lindsey Collection, Box 85, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; letters from Izetta George dated February 11 and February 14, 1903.〕 and was funded in part by direct assistance from the city itself.〔(1900) Isabel C. Barrows, ed. ''The Social Welfare Forum. The Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session Held in the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, May 17–23, 1899''. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1900, page 376.〕
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